One of the issues that text analysts pay attention to is text coherence. Halidi is one of the linguists who, in addition to paying attention to the semantics and context of the situation and functions of the text, has also paid attention to the coherence of the text. In this descriptive-analytical article based on Halidi's role-oriented theory, the factors of text cohesion have been evaluated in two Masnavi stories, and the authors in this essay aim to show Maulavi's Masnavi, linguistic abilities and grammatical coherence. , has a proper vocabulary and connection, and this theory can be used to determine the degree of coherence and coherence in the texts of narrative order. The findings of Ashagh and Beloved story show that most of the processes are material and omission and reference prevail in grammatical coherence and repetition in lexical coherence and causal relationship prevail in the linking coherence of this text; But in the story of the grocer and the parrot, it is dominated by mental and then material processes, and substitution, removal, and reference from grammatical coherence factors play an important role in creating space and building the vertical axis. Coincidence and repetition are not very evident, but the opposite, causal and time links are used with full force. The discourses of the supremacy of love and the inability of reason have made both texts more coherent, which is consistent with the entirety of the Masnavi.
Introduction:
One of the issues that text analysts pay attention to is text coherence. Halidi is one of the linguists who, in addition to paying attention to the semantics and context of the situation and the functions of the text, has also paid attention to the coherence of the text. In this descriptive-analytical article based on Halliday's role-oriented theory, the factors of text cohesion in two short stories "Asheq and Beloved"; Baggal and Tuti" of Masnavi has been evaluated and the author in this essay aims to show that Masnavi has spiritual, linguistic abilities and grammatical, lexical and link coherence and this theory can be used for Determining the degree of coherence and coordination of coherence was used in the texts of narrative order.
One of the important theories of linguistics, which can lead the way in the analysis of literary texts, is the theory of Michael Halliday and Roqayeh Hassan. The two worked together in 1976 to create the book "Cohesion in the English Language". Halliday's role-oriented order explains how language is used and the basic components of meaning in it are functional components. According to this order, all languages are organized around two types of meaning or role: meanings. Intellectual and interpersonal. In combination with these two, there is a third component called intertextual trans-role, which organizes the message based on the previous two trans-functions and conveys it to others; So, systematic role-oriented instruction is a role-oriented theory of language that studies language in the form of its functions and roles in human life. (Ref: Halidi and Matiesen, 2004: 60; Halidi and Hassan, 2013: 87; Yaramhammadi, 2014: 56). One part of this theory is called coherence factors, which considers the coherence or continuity of sentences as the product of the relationship between sentence and clause components. This communication is formed at the phonetic, semantic, syntactic and logical level of the language.
If the components of the written or spoken sentences are related and coherent, that written or spoken word forms a text.
The textual function of the word is based on the arrangement and order of the content elements of the word. In the textual structure of the paragraph, it is divided into two distinct constructions, "initiative and news" and "informational" and a non-structural part, namely "coherence".
coherence is "a means to connect elements that are structurally unrelated, which is made possible by making use of interdependence to explain and interpret one element based on another element" (Zia Hosseini, 2011: 5).
Halidi and Hassan have defined coherence as follows: "coherence is a semantic concept that refers to the semantic relationships in the text and distinguishes it as a text from non-text" (Halidi, 1976: quoted by Sarli, 2011:55).
Materials and Methods:
Based on the searches that have been carried out, a research with the title of the present article, text coherence in two Masnavi stories, has not been done, but in the field of the coherence of the Persian language, theses and articles have been written in the general form, mostly in the field of linguistics. Is. Some of these studies are:
-Vocabulary coherence in the Qur'an, examination of Surah Noor based on the theory of Halidi and Hassan, master's thesis, by Hossein Rajabi (2006), Razi University, Kermanshah.
-Essay on "Theory of cohesion and cohesive coordination and its application in a story (the story of the ladder)" by Naser Qoli Sarli and Tahereh Ishani in Al-Zahra University Language Research Quarterly (S) number 4, spring and summer 2019.
The authors of this article intend to investigate the factors of text cohesion in two stories from Masnavi based on Halidi's role-oriented linguistic theory and answer the following questions:
What factors have caused grammatical, lexical and connectional coherence in Molvi's poetry?
According to the factors of cohesion (Halidi's point of view), how can it be claimed that Molavi's poetry is coherent?
Cohesion tools
coherence refers to the semantic relations that exist between the elements of a text, and through their action, the interpretation of some elements of the text becomes possible. In his numerous works amongst in his book "Introduction to Role-Oriented Instruction" (1985), Halidi assigns three major roles to language: 1- The function of thought, in which a person expresses his experience and feelings from the outside world. 2-Intermediate function in which the speaker or writer uses a theorem to communicate with others 3- Text function in which the speaker or writer conveys a message that is based on the previous two functions in spoken or written form (or possible form) others) organizes and conveys to others. (Yarmohammadi), 2004:56.
Role-oriented grammar and text analysis, the tools and factors of text cohesion are first divided into three general groups: grammatical cohesion (reference, substitution, deletion), lexical cohesion (repetition, similarity) and relational cohesion (addition, causation, contrast, time) they divide.
Of course, what establishes coherence in the sentence is "knot", the knot connects one element of one sentence to another element in another sentence. The knot is created by being the same reference, being the same class, being the same extent.
The role of language thinkers
Since language is a means of representing the world outside and inside a person, the experiences and images that we have of the continuity of the world around us and our mental and imaginary world are categorized and become concepts through language, and coding and are expressed The intellectual role of language is related to the processes, participants of the process and surrounding elements of the process, and the processes are divided into the main processes (material, mental and relational) and sub-processes (verbal and existential behavior).
In order to show coherence and coherence, first the text was divided into clauses (sentences), then among the written words, lexical coherence factors (repetition, semantic synonyms, semantic inclusion - part and whole), and grammar (reference), deletion, replacement, relational factors) were found, then the words in each paragraph were written separately, without considering conjunctions and additions, etc., and then the coherence of the text was calculated. (Ref: Yarmohammadi, 1389: 40).
Results and Discussion:
Said a lover to a lover O young man
You have seen so journ in the cities
So which city is better than them?
He said: The city in which he loves (Molavi, 2010, Vol. 3: 976).
In the analysis and examination of the coherence and cohesiveness of this poem poem of Molavi's Masnavi, because the question and answer are repeated with the verb "said" and the characters of the lover and the lover are the speaker and the audience who are present in this verbal process and have been questioned and answered. In the first three stanzas of the poem, it is the speaker (beloved) who ends the narrative with the "said" plot in such a way that the reader or the recipient of the text is convinced of the existence of a different incident and conflict in the lover's mind. Of course, the practical function of the lover in searching the cities to find the superior lover is the correcting support of this mental function of the lover, because the lover confirms the first function and his attachment to the beloved by his return. The lover's response to the beloved shows that after all the difficulties, his attachment to her was the best way and the best thought, which is emphasized by the final sentence indicating the presence of the beloved. In other words, the lover transfers goodness to something beyond himself, but this confused lover returns to the first point, which is the lover and his goodness, after completing a complete cycle. Beloved can be the first and the last, and in this way it establishes the semantic coherence of the text.
He was a grocer and he was a parrot with a good voice.
Verbs are the central core of every sentence and speech, therefore their investigation can reflect the intellectual aspect and attitude of the writer and poet. Language is a means of representing the world outside and inside a person, and the poet's language represents his thought and worldview. Masnavi also reflects Molavi's attitude. Every part of Molavi's speech is a speech interwoven and mixed with narrative narration and expression of mystical or philosophical thought, etc. Examining the processes used in the story of Baggal and Toti of the first book of the Masnavi, which reveals the overall construction of this text and most stories of the Masnavi, shows that this story uses existential verbs such as Baggal and. ..it begins and then continues with verbal and material processes that indicate conversation and doing work (action) and is connected to behavioral and material processes to express the spiritual and spiritual conditions of the characters in the story. and when Molavi expresses his lofty thoughts or expresses the principles and rules of life and collective life, the language tends towards the use of mental processes, and as Molavi's goal is to teach this part of his statements to the audience and Disciples is the application of processes, due to the repetition and reference or the need for a lot of explanation, it reaches its peak and it includes a wide part of the teaching and ijtihad thoughts of Molavi, and therefore, the reign and dominance of the mental aspect. The processes of the text are evident on other verbs; Although material processes are used more than all processes in the narrative parts of the story due to the advancement of the story and story action, so that the realism and naturalness of the story can be maintained and the poet can successfully project his ideas. Based on allegorical reasoning and similarity scale. Masnavi is a book of thought, not a book of stories and narratives, and just as the plot of God's book has a practical and instrumental aspect, not a purposeful aspect, in Masnavi, this style of the heavenly book has been exploited by Molavi. In a better way, it can be said that secondary processes (behavioral, verbal, and existential) have become tools and precursors to express the main processes (mental, etc).
The participants of this story are Tuti, Jolagi, Baggal, and Khalq, and among the surrounding elements of the process is the atmosphere of mockery, laughter, and humiliation that the people give to Tuti.
Conclusion:
It should be said that these two poems of Molana's Masnavi are coherent and in them, grammatical coherence prevails over lexical coherence. Most examples of grammatical coherence of both texts are related to deletion and substitution, and the frequency of verb repetition is the most important factor of lexical coherence. Of course, there is a complementary relationship between lexical coherence and grammatical coherence, and in addition to the temporal relation, causal and consequential conjunction also governs both texts. In the intellectual aspect, the participants of these two stories are the lover and the beloved, and Tuti, Jolagi, Baggal, and Khalq, and the sincerity of the lover and the importance of living in the lovely city, and the atmosphere of mockery, laughter, and contempt that the people give to Tuti are among the elements. The periphery of these two texts are considered. In the story of a lover, the dialogue process plays the main role and includes the centrality of the beloved, and questions and answers about it; But the processes used in the story of the parrot begin with the process of using existential verbs such as was grocery store... and then continue with verbal and material processes that imply conversation and doing work Behavioral and material are connected to express the condition of the characters in the story, and when Molavi expresses his lofty thoughts in the middle of the story in the usual way, the language tends towards the use of mental processes and as the goal Molvi is teaching the students mystical points. The predominance of the use of mental processes over other verbs is evident so that the singer can successfully project his mystical thoughts based on allegorical reasoning. Although the material processes are not few due to the advancement of the story and story action and maintaining the realism and naturalization of the story. From the sum of the non-structural coherences of the text, the semantic connections of the lover and the beloved; Conversation; giving orders and obeying; Men and women; place and taker of place (grocery and shop) has been mentioned. It seems that the theory of coherent coordination can be used in Persian texts and this model can be used in the analysis of literary texts.